THE CRIME OF TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN ORGANS AND TISSUES IN ARTICLE 124 PARAGRAPH (3) JO. ARTICLE 432 OF LAW NUMBER 17 OF 2023 ISLAMIC CRIMINAL LAW PERSPECTIVE
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Abstract
This study normatively examines the elements of the criminal offense of human organ and tissue trafficking as stipulated in Article 124 paragraph (3) in conjunction with Article 432 of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health, from the perspective of Islamic criminal law. It aims to address the limited integration of positive law and fiqh jinayat in existing studies. The study is motivated by the fact that advances in organ transplantation may also give rise to exploitative practices that undermine human dignity, necessitating an assessment of their compatibility with Islamic legal values. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Primary legal materials include relevant legislation, the Quran, and Hadith; secondary materials consist of legal books and journal articles; and tertiary materials include legal dictionaries. The materials are analyzed descriptively and analytically through library research. The findings indicate that the elements of the offense include the subject of "everyone," commercialization or trading activities, intentional criminal intent (mens rea), and unlawfulness. The applicable penalties are imprisonment for five to seven years and graduated fines ranging from IDR 500 million to IDR 2 billion. From the perspective of Islamic criminal law, the offense falls under jarimah tazir because it violates the principles of hifz al-nafs (protection of life) and karamat al-insan (human dignity), as reflected in Quran 17:70, 5:32, and 2:195. The sanctions under positive law are broadly consistent with the principle of maslahah, although the regulation requires stronger provisions concerning corporate liability and victim restoration. The discussion highlights the importance of effective legal enforcement to prevent the exploitation of vulnerable donors. It recommends revising sanctions for legal entities, reviewing minimum criminal penalties, and harmonizing the relevant provisions with Indonesian Council of Ulama (MUI) fatwas. In conclusion, the substantive regulation is consistent with the objectives of maqasid al-sharia. Further recommendations include promoting altruistic organ donation, integrating Islamic repentance into rehabilitation programs, and conducting empirical research on law enforcement.
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